The reduplicated element is called the reduplicant, often abbreviated as RED or sometimes just R. The base is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology. In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described morphologically as a reduplication of linguistic constituents (i.e. Reduplication is often described phonologically in one of two ways: either (1) as reduplicated segments (sequences of consonants/ vowels) or (2) as reduplicated prosodic units ( syllables or moras). For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Other terms that are occasionally used include cloning, doubling, duplication, repetition, and tautonym when it is used in biological taxonomies, such as Bison bison. Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as Sumerian, where it was used in forming some color terms, e.g. Reduplication is found in a wide variety of languages, as exemplified below.
Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edward Sapir's: "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance." Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
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